قارن الطرق

	تقدير GMM للنظام باستخدام تحويل فورييه	تقدير غاوس-ماركوف-فون نيومان (GMM) لفوريه أرليانو-بوند
المجال	الاقتصاد القياسي	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	2000s–2010s	2010s
صاحب الطريقة	Blundell & Bond (System GMM, 1998); Fourier augmentation adapted from Gallant (1981) and Becker, Enders & Lee (2006)	Extension of Arellano & Bond (1991) with Fourier flexible form augmentation
النوع	Dynamic panel GMM with Fourier smooth-break regressors	Dynamic panel GMM estimator with smooth structural break accommodation
المصدر التأسيسي	Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.	Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
الأسماء البديلة	Fourier System GMM, Fourier-augmented Blundell-Bond GMM, smooth-break system GMM, Fourier SGMM	Fourier AB-GMM, Fourier first-differenced GMM, Fourier dynamic panel GMM, Fourier-extended Arellano-Bond estimator
ذات صلة	6	2
الملخص	Fourier system GMM embeds Fourier trigonometric terms into the System GMM estimator of Blundell and Bond (1998) to accommodate smooth, gradual structural breaks in dynamic panel data. By adding sine and cosine components as regressors, the estimator captures unknown, potentially multiple regime shifts without requiring prior knowledge of break dates, while preserving the instrument-based controls for endogeneity and individual fixed effects.	Fourier Arellano-Bond GMM is a dynamic panel estimator that augments the classic Arellano-Bond first-differenced GMM framework with Fourier trigonometric terms to capture smooth, gradual structural breaks in the time dimension. It handles endogeneity through lagged-level instruments while remaining robust to unknown nonlinear trends that standard difference GMM ignores.