قارن الطرق

	الحركية الأمامية	الديناميكا العكسية
المجال	الميكانيكا الحيوية	الميكانيكا الحيوية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1986	1990
صاحب الطريقة	John Craig	David Winter
النوع	Computational geometric pipeline	Computational analysis pipeline
المصدر التأسيسي	Craig, J. J. (2005). Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control (3rd ed.). Pearson.	Winter, D. A. (1990). Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement. Wiley-Interscience.
الأسماء البديلة	FK, Kinematic chain, Anatomical chain	Inverse problem, Biomechanical inverse dynamics
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Forward kinematics is the calculation of the position and orientation of a distal body segment (such as the hand) based on the joint angles of proximal segments. Originally formalized in robotics by John Craig and adapted to biomechanics, it allows practitioners to predict endpoint location from known joint configuration.	Inverse dynamics is a biomechanical analysis technique that estimates the forces and moments acting on joints during movement by working backward from observed motion and ground reaction forces. Introduced by David Winter in the early 1990s, it is fundamental to understanding how muscles and joints generate and control human motion.