قارن الطرق

	تحديث ومعايرة نموذج العناصر المحدودة	طريقة الموثوقية من الرتبة الثانية (SORM)
المجال	هندسة الموثوقية	هندسة الموثوقية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2001	1979
صاحب الطريقة	John Mottershead and Michael Friswell	Bernd Fiessler
النوع	System identification methodology	Reliability analysis method
المصدر التأسيسي	Mottershead, J. E., Link, M., & Friswell, M. I. (2011). The sensitivity method in finite element model updating: A tutorial. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 25(7), 2275-2296.	Fiessler, B., Neumann, H. J., & Rackwitz, R. (1979). Quadratic limit states in structural reliability. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 105(4), 661-676.
الأسماء البديلة	Model updating, Model calibration, FEM updating	SORM, Second-order approximation
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Finite Element Model (FEM) Updating is the process of refining a numerical structural model to match measured behavior (modal properties, vibrations, static displacements) from the physical structure. By comparing computational predictions to experimental data and systematically adjusting uncertain model parameters (material properties, boundary conditions, joint stiffness), engineers create more accurate models for design decisions, damage detection, and life prediction. Formalized by Mottershead and Friswell, FEM updating bridges the gap between idealized computer models and real-world structures.	The Second-Order Reliability Method (SORM) is an extension of FORM that improves failure probability estimates by accounting for the curvature of the limit-state surface at the design point. Introduced by Fiessler, Neumann, and Rackwitz in 1979, SORM provides more accurate approximations for nonlinear failure surfaces while remaining computationally efficient. It has become the standard refinement when FORM accuracy is insufficient.