قارن الطرق

	الإثنوغرافيا الرقمية الميدانية	النتنوغرافيا
المجال	نوعي	نوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2000s–2010s	1997 (coined); 2010 (first comprehensive methodology book)
صاحب الطريقة	Christine Hine; Sarah Pink et al.	Robert V. Kozinets
النوع	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
المصدر التأسيسي	Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. Sage. ISBN: 978-0761958956	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875907
الأسماء البديلة	connective ethnography, blended digital ethnography, hybrid online-offline ethnography, field-integrated digital ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, cyber-ethnography, digital ethnography
ذات صلة	6	6
الملخص	Field-based digital ethnography is a qualitative research design that combines traditional in-person fieldwork with systematic collection and analysis of digital data. Rather than studying online communities in isolation, it traces how social life moves between physical settings and digital spaces, treating both as equally real sites of cultural practice. Rooted in Christine Hine's virtual ethnography and Sarah Pink's digital ethnography principles, it is particularly suited to studying communities whose practices span offline and online worlds.	Netnography is a qualitative research method that adapts the principles of cultural ethnography to the study of online communities and social media environments. Coined by Robert Kozinets in 1997 and systematised in his 2010 handbook, netnography treats digital spaces — forums, social networks, blogs, review sites — as naturally occurring field sites where communities gather, share meanings, and construct identities. The method combines unobtrusive observation of digital traces with active participation and, where appropriate, direct member interaction.