قارن الطرق

	مقياس فعالية السقوط الدولي (FES-I)	مؤشر كاتز للاستقلالية في أنشطة الحياة اليومية (ADL)	مقياس ووترلو لتقييم مخاطر إصابات الضغط
المجال	التمريض	التمريض	التمريض
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2005	1963	1985
صاحب الطريقة	Lucy Yardley	Sidney Katz	Judy Waterlow
النوع	Patient self-report questionnaire	Clinician-rated or observational functional assessment	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool
المصدر التأسيسي	Yardley, L., Beyer, N., Eklund, K., et al. (2005). Development and initial validation of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Age Ageing, 34(6), 614-619.	Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL, a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA, 185(12), 914-919.	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.
الأسماء البديلة	FES-I, International Falls Efficacy Scale, Falls Self-Efficacy	Katz Index, Katz ADL Scale, Index of ADL	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score
ذات صلة	3	3	3
الملخص	The Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), developed by Lucy Yardley and colleagues in 2005, is a validated tool measuring fear of falling and confidence in balance in older adults and others at risk of falls. The 16-item scale assesses how confident a person feels performing daily activities without falling (self-efficacy for fall avoidance). Fear of falling is not anxiety disorder but a rational concern that, if excessive, can lead to activity restriction, deconditioning, and further fall risk. The FES-I is used internationally in clinical practice and research to identify patients at risk for this vicious cycle and guide fall prevention interventions.	The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, developed by Sidney Katz and colleagues in 1963, is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for assessing functional status in older adults and persons with chronic illness. The scale evaluates six essential self-care activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, feeding) through direct observation or interview and assigns an overall grade (A through G) reflecting the degree of independence. It remains a foundational instrument in geriatric assessment, rehabilitation medicine, and long-term care settings.	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.