قارن الطرق

	Sociology of Expectations	Valuation Studies Method
المجال	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2006	2013
صاحب الطريقة	Nik Brown, Mads Borup, Harro van Lente, Kornelia Konrad	Claes-Fredrik Helgesson, Fabian Muniesa, Michèle Lamont
النوع	Interpretive method for analysing future-oriented expectations	Practice-oriented method for studying valuation
المصدر التأسيسي	Borup, M., Brown, N., Konrad, K., & Van Lente, H. (2006). The sociology of expectations in science and technology. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(3-4), 285-298.	Helgesson, C.-F., & Muniesa, F. (2013). For what it's worth: an introduction to valuation studies. Valuation Studies, 1(1), 1-10.
الأسماء البديلة	Expectations analysis, Sociology of promises, Technological hype analysis	Sociology of valuation, Valography, Study of evaluation practices
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The sociology of expectations studies how promises, visions, hype, and expectations about the future actively shape the development of science and technology. Set out by Nik Brown, Mads Borup, Harro van Lente, and Kornelia Konrad, it treats expectations not as mere predictions to be judged true or false but as performative resources that mobilise funding, coordinate actors, and guide work—analysing how futures are constructed in the present and with what real effects.	The valuation studies method treats valuation—the production, measurement, ordering, and contestation of worth—as a social practice to be studied empirically rather than a hidden mental act or a settled economic fact. Consolidated by Claes-Fredrik Helgesson and Fabian Muniesa and complemented by Michèle Lamont's comparative sociology of valuation and evaluation, it follows how rankings, metrics, prices, and evaluation procedures actually do their work, and asks how worth comes to be, by whom, with which devices, and to what effect.