قارن الطرق

	الإثنوغرافيا	أبحاث مجموعات التركيز
المجال	نوعي	نوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
صاحب الطريقة	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
النوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative data collection method
المصدر التأسيسي	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
الأسماء البديلة	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.