قارن الطرق

	Environmental Justice Spatial Analysis	Participatory GIS
المجال	Environmental Sociology	Development Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2006	2006
صاحب الطريقة	Robert D. Bullard; Paul Mohai & Robin Saha	Robert Chambers; Jon Corbett; PGIS practitioner community
النوع	Spatial pipeline for testing demographic disparities in hazard proximity	Participatory spatial data and mapping approach
المصدر التأسيسي	Mohai, P., & Saha, R. (2006). Reassessing Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Environmental Justice Research. Demography, 43(2), 383-399.	Chambers, R. (2006). Participatory Mapping and Geographic Information Systems: Whose Map? Who is Empowered and Who Disempowered? Who Gains and Who Loses? The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 25(1), 1-11.
الأسماء البديلة	EJ Spatial Coincidence Analysis, Distance-Based Environmental Justice Assessment, Hazard-Demographic Proximity Analysis, Disparate Siting Analysis	PGIS, PPGIS, Participatory mapping with GIS, Community mapping
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Environmental justice spatial analysis tests whether environmentally hazardous facilities are located disproportionately near poor and minority communities by comparing the demographics of populations close to hazards with those farther away. The field grew out of Robert Bullard's foundational documentation in Dumping in Dixie that African American communities in the U.S. South systematically bore the burden of noxious land uses. A central methodological turning point came with Paul Mohai and Robin Saha's 2006 Demography article, which showed that the long-dominant 'unit-hazard coincidence' method, comparing only the host tract or zip code, badly understated disparities, and that distance-based methods reveal larger and more consistent inequities. The modern analysis therefore treats proximity explicitly, drawing buffers or distance bands around hazard sites and apportioning population within them. It then asks whether race and income predict who lives in the burdened zone, controlling for plausible confounders. The result is a spatially explicit test of the disparate-burden hypothesis at the heart of the environmental justice movement.	Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS), and the related Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), are approaches in which communities themselves create and use spatial data and maps to represent local spatial knowledge for resource management, land and resource tenure, and planning. Spanning a continuum from sketch mapping with sticks and stones on the ground to georeferenced data held in formal GIS, the approach merges the empowering ethos of participatory development, articulated by Robert Chambers, with the analytical and communicative power of geographic information technology.