قارن الطرق

	Emotion Appraisal in Politics	Motivated Reasoning Experiment
المجال	علم النفس السياسي	علم النفس السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2000	2006
صاحب الطريقة	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader	Charles Taber & Milton Lodge
النوع	Survey/lab experiment	Survey/lab experiment
المصدر التأسيسي	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698	Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
الأسماء البديلة	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure	Directional Motivated Reasoning Study, Biased Assimilation Experiment, Disconfirmation Bias Paradigm
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.	A motivated reasoning experiment tests whether people process political information to reach conclusions they are directionally motivated to hold rather than the most accurate ones. Building on Kunda's (1990) theory and crystallized by Taber and Lodge (2006), these designs expose partisans to attitude-congruent and incongruent arguments and measure biased assimilation, disconfirmation bias, attitude polarization, and selective exposure.