قارن الطرق

	الرنين البارامغناطيسي للإلكترون	المعايرة الحرارية المتساوية الحرارة
المجال	علم الطيف	علم الطيف
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1945	1989
صاحب الطريقة	Evgeny Zavoiskii	Terrence Wiseman
النوع	Spectroscopic technique	Biophysical technique
المصدر التأسيسي	Zavoiskii, E. K. (1945). Paramagnetic relaxation of liquid solutions for perpendicular fields. Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, 15(6), 378-380.	Wiseman, T., Williston, S., Brandts, J. F., & Lin, L. N. (1989). Rapid measurement of binding constants and heats of binding using a new titration calorimeter. Analytical Biochemistry, 179(1), 131-137.
الأسماء البديلة	EPR spectroscopy, ESR, electron spin resonance	ITC, isothermal calorimetry, microcalorimetry
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), also called Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), is a spectroscopic technique that detects and characterizes unpaired electrons in molecules and materials. Discovered by Zavoiskii in 1945, EPR measures the absorption of microwave radiation by paramagnetic species in a magnetic field, providing information about electron spin states, local electronic environment, and molecular dynamics.	Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) is a thermodynamic technique that measures heat released or absorbed during biomolecular binding events at constant temperature. Developed by Wiseman and colleagues in 1989, ITC directly determines binding affinity (Kd), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) in a single experiment, making it one of the most comprehensive methods for characterizing molecular interactions without requiring labels or immobilization.