قارن الطرق

	بحث وصفي	بحث اللوحات
المجال	تصميم البحث	تصميم البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	Late 19th century; formalized in social/behavioral sciences ~1960s–1980s	1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s
صاحب الطريقة	Francis Galton, Karl Pearson (early empirical tradition); formalized in social science by Fred Kerlinger	Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s
النوع	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative longitudinal observational design
المصدر التأسيسي	Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1452226101	Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717
الأسماء البديلة	descriptive study, descriptive survey design, observational descriptive research, non-experimental descriptive research	panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents the characteristics, frequencies, or distributions of variables in a defined population at a given point in time. It answers 'what is' questions — who, what, when, where, and how much — without manipulating variables or drawing causal conclusions. It is one of the most widely used research designs across the social, behavioral, health, and education sciences.	Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time.