قارن الطرق

	نظرية ديمبستر-شيفر للأدلة	الحوسبة الحبيبية (تكوير المعلومات)
المجال	الحوسبة المرنة	الحوسبة المرنة
العائلة	Machine learning	Machine learning
سنة النشأة	1976	1997
صاحب الطريقة	Arthur P. Dempster & Glenn Shafer	Lotfi A. Zadeh (information granulation); developed by Pedrycz, Skowron, Yao
النوع	Uncertainty calculus for combining evidence	Framework for multi-granularity information processing
المصدر التأسيسي	Dempster, A. P. (1967). Upper and lower probabilities induced by a multivalued mapping. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 38(2), 325–339.	Zadeh, L. A. (1997). Toward a theory of fuzzy information granulation and its centrality in human reasoning and fuzzy logic. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 90(2), 111–127.
الأسماء البديلة	evidence theory, belief functions, evidential reasoning, Dempster-Shafer kanıt teorisi	information granulation, computing with granules, three-way granular computing, tanecikli hesaplama
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Dempster-Shafer theory is a mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty that generalizes Bayesian probability by representing ignorance explicitly. Instead of forcing a single probability on each hypothesis, it assigns belief mass to sets of hypotheses and derives a belief-plausibility interval, and it provides Dempster's rule for fusing evidence from multiple independent sources. Developed from Arthur Dempster's 1967 work and Glenn Shafer's 1976 monograph, it underpins evidential reasoning and sensor/decision fusion.	Granular computing is a problem-solving paradigm that processes information in 'granules' — clumps of objects drawn together by indistinguishability, similarity, or functionality — rather than at the level of individual data points. Articulated by Lotfi Zadeh in 1997 as fuzzy information granulation and developed into a broad framework, it provides a unifying umbrella over fuzzy sets, rough sets, and interval methods, letting analysis move to whichever level of detail a problem actually requires.