قارن الطرق

	مقاييس الاكتئاب والقلق والتوتر-21 (DASS-21)	مقياس مركز دراسات الأوبئة للاكتئاب (CES-D)	مقياس هاميلتون لتقييم القلق (HAM-A)
المجال	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري	علم النفس السريري
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1995	1977	1959
صاحب الطريقة	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton
النوع	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
المصدر التأسيسي	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
الأسماء البديلة	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS
ذات صلة	5	5	5
الملخص	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.