قارن الطرق

	تصميم سولومون رباعي المجموعات المتصالب	تصميم التجربة بالقياس القبلي والبعدي
المجال	التصميم التجريبي	التصميم التجريبي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1949 (base design); crossover adaptation developed through later methodological literature	1963 (formalized in Campbell & Stanley)
صاحب الطريقة	Richard L. Solomon (base design); crossover extension via repeated-measures methodology	Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley
النوع	Experimental design (pretest-sensitization control + within-subjects crossover)	Experimental / quasi-experimental research design
المصدر التأسيسي	Solomon, R. L. (1949). An extension of control group design. Psychological Bulletin, 46(2), 137–150.	Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Rand McNally.
الأسماء البديلة	crossover S4G design, within-subjects Solomon design, repeated-measures Solomon four-group design	pretest-posttest design, before-after design, pre-post design, two-wave experimental design
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Crossover Solomon Four-Group Design merges two powerful experimental strategies: the Solomon four-group design's control for pretest sensitization and the crossover design's within-subjects efficiency. Participants are randomly assigned to one of four groups that vary in whether they receive a pretest and in the sequence of treatment and control conditions, allowing the researcher to simultaneously estimate treatment effects, pretest effects, and their interaction while controlling for individual differences through repeated measurement.	The pretest-posttest experimental design measures participants on the outcome variable before and after treatment, typically with random assignment to treatment and control groups. The difference between pre- and post-scores isolates the treatment effect from baseline variation, making this one of the most widely used frameworks in experimental and quasi-experimental research across education, psychology, medicine, and the social sciences.