قارن الطرق

	تحليل الجداول المتقاطعة	تحليل التكرار
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1900	19th century
صاحب الطريقة	Karl Pearson	Classical statistics (no single inventor)
النوع	Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis	Descriptive summary
المصدر التأسيسي	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185
الأسماء البديلة	crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis	frequency distribution, frequency table, tally analysis, count analysis
ذات صلة	5	3
الملخص	Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.	Frequency analysis is a fundamental descriptive technique that tallies how often each distinct value or category appears in a dataset. It produces absolute counts, relative percentages, and cumulative frequencies, giving an immediate picture of how observations are distributed across categories. It is the natural first step when exploring categorical or discrete variables before applying inferential tests.