قارن الطرق

	تحليل الجداول المتقاطعة	مقياس كرَامِر V
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1900	1946
صاحب الطريقة	Karl Pearson	Harald Cramér
النوع	Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis	Nonparametric association measure
المصدر التأسيسي	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Cramér, H. (1946). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691080420
الأسماء البديلة	crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis	cramers v, cramer v, phi coefficient (r×c), Cramer's V (İlişki Kuvveti)
ذات صلة	5	3
الملخص	Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.	Cramer's V is a nonparametric effect-size statistic that measures the strength of association between two categorical variables on a scale from 0 to 1. Introduced by the Swedish mathematician Harald Cramér in his 1946 work Mathematical Methods of Statistics, it generalises the phi coefficient to tables of any size, making it the standard companion statistic to the chi-square test.