قارن الطرق

	COSY	مطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء ذات الانعكاس الكلي الموهن (ATR-FTIR)	HSQC	نبضة صدى الدوران في الرنين المغناطيسي النووي	الرنين النووي المغناطيسي بالتعزيز النووي (NOESY)
المجال	علم الطيف	علم الطيف	علم الطيف	علم الطيف	علم الطيف
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1976	1961	1980	1950	1981
صاحب الطريقة	Wüthrich Kurt	Joop Fahrenfort	Anil Kumar	Erwin Hahn	Richard Ernst
النوع	Two-dimensional pulse sequence	Vibrational spectroscopy technique	Heteronuclear correlation sequence	Spectroscopic pulse sequence	Two-dimensional pulse sequence
المصدر التأسيسي	Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246.	Harrick, N. J. (1960). Study of physics of internal reflection from metals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 13(2), 143-155.	Bodenhausen, G., & Ruben, D. J. (1981). Natural abundance nitrogen-15 NMR by enhanced heteronuclear spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 69(2), 185-189.	Hahn, E. L. (1950). Spin echoes. Physical Review, 80(4), 580-594.	Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246.
الأسماء البديلة	COSY NMR, 2D COSY, 1H-1H COSY	ATR-IR, attenuated total reflectance, FTIR spectroscopy	HSQC NMR, 1H-13C HSQC, heteronuclear correlation	CPMG pulse sequence, spin-echo NMR	NOE spectroscopy, 2D NOESY, NOE NMR
ذات صلة	4	3	4	4	3
الملخص	Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) is a two-dimensional NMR technique that correlates proton chemical shifts through scalar coupling (J-coupling), revealing which protons are magnetically coupled and hence bonded through multiple bonds. Developed by Aue, Bartholdi, and Ernst in 1976, COSY became one of the most important tools in structural elucidation, enabling chemists to map out proton connectivity patterns and deduce molecular topology without isotopic labeling.	Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a variant of conventional FTIR that measures infrared absorption through evanescent-wave interrogation of samples in direct contact with a high-refractive-index crystal. Developed by Harrick and Fahrenfort in the 1960s, ATR-FTIR is now the dominant form of FTIR spectroscopy, enabling rapid, non-destructive characterization of organic compounds, polymers, coatings, and biological materials without extensive sample preparation.	Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that correlates proton and carbon-13 (or other heteronuclei) chemical shifts through one-bond coupling constants (1JHX). Developed in the early 1980s, HSQC rapidly became the workhorse of structural chemistry because it directly maps which carbons bear which protons, providing a comprehensive view of carbon skeleton connectivity and substitution patterns.	The spin-echo is a fundamental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pulse sequence technique introduced by Erwin Hahn in 1950. It uses a 90-degree radiofrequency pulse followed by a 180-degree refocusing pulse to create an echo, effectively reversing the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneities and allowing accurate measurement of spin relaxation properties. This technique is essential in modern NMR spectroscopy for both one-dimensional and multidimensional experiments.	Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) is a 2D NMR technique that detects through-space dipolar coupling between protons, rather than through-bond scalar coupling. Introduced by Macura and Ernst in 1981, NOESY reveals which protons are spatially close in the three-dimensional structure, independent of bonding connectivity. This makes NOESY invaluable for determining molecular conformation, assigning stereochemistry, and elucidating protein folds.