قارن الطرق

	تحليل العوامل التأكيدي (CFA)	اختبار ثبات القياس	نمذجة المعادلات البنيوية (SEM)
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي	الإحصاء
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1969	2000	1970
صاحب الطريقة	Karl Gustav Jöreskog	Vandenberg & Lance	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)
النوع	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model	Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis procedure	Latent variable / causal modeling
المصدر التأسيسي	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.	Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4–70.	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540
الأسماء البديلة	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis	Factorial Invariance, Measurement Equivalence, Configural-Metric-Scalar Testing, Ölçüm Değişmezliği	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling
ذات صلة	4	3	5
الملخص	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.	Measurement invariance testing is a sequence of nested confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models that examines whether a psychological scale measures the same latent construct in the same way across distinct groups or time points. Systematized and popularized by Vandenberg and Lance (2000), the procedure tests a hierarchy of constraints — from identical factor patterns to identical item intercepts — so that researchers can justify meaningful group comparisons on latent means.	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.