قارن الطرق

	مقياس الانتماء المجتمعي	مقياس المشاركة المدنية
المجال	علم الاجتماع السياسي	علم الاجتماع السياسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1974–1999	1995–2008
صاحب الطريقة	Seymour Sarason, David McMillan, David Chavis	Cliff Zukin, Scott Keeter, Russell Dalton
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire / Behavioral frequency
المصدر التأسيسي	Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. Jossey-Bass.	Zukin, C., Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Delli Carpini, M. X. (2006). A new engagement? Political participation, civic life, and the changing American citizen. Oxford University Press.
الأسماء البديلة	CBS, Community Integration Scale	CES, Political Participation Scale
ذات صلة	5	4
الملخص	The Community Belonging Scale measures the subjective psychological sense of community—the feeling that one belongs, is accepted, and is valued within one's community. Distinct from objective measures of networks or participation, it captures the affective experience of community integration. Developed by Seymour Sarason and refined by McMillan and Chavis, it is grounded in community psychology and emphasizes that belonging is fundamental to mental health and social well-being.	The Civic Engagement Scale measures the extent and type of an individual's participation in civic, political, and community life. Rather than a single construct, it typically encompasses multiple dimensions: electoral participation (voting), political activity (contacting officials, campaign involvement), civic service (volunteering, organizational membership), and social participation (community meetings, neighborhood involvement). Developed by scholars including Zukin, Keeter, and Dalton, it captures how citizens actualize their democratic role.