قارن الطرق

	دراسة الأتراب	البحث المسحي
المجال	علم الأوبئة	تصميم البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	Mid-20th century (formal epidemiological design codified ~1950s)	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s
صاحب الطريقة	Doll & Hill (British Doctors Study, 1951); Snow (cholera, 1854)	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s
النوع	Observational longitudinal study design	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design
المصدر التأسيسي	Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-0781755641	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000
الأسماء البديلة	longitudinal study, follow-up study, panel study, incidence study	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study
ذات صلة	6	4
الملخص	A cohort study assembles a group of individuals who share a common starting point — typically freedom from the outcome of interest — and follows them over time to observe who develops the outcome. By comparing incidence rates between exposed and unexposed subgroups, researchers can estimate relative risk and absolute risk differences. Cohort studies are the gold-standard observational design for measuring disease incidence and establishing temporal relationships between exposure and outcome.	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.