قارن الطرق

	Citizen Report Card	Participatory Poverty Assessment
المجال	Development Studies	Development Studies
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2002	2000
صاحب الطريقة	Samuel Paul and the Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore, India	World Bank (Deepa Narayan; Caroline Robb); building on Robert Chambers's participatory tradition
النوع	Sample-survey-based public-service feedback method	Participatory qualitative poverty analysis method
المصدر التأسيسي	Paul, S. (2002). Holding the State to Account: Citizen Monitoring in Action. Bangalore: Books for Change. ISBN: 9788187380474	Narayan, D., Patel, R., Schafft, K., Rademacher, A., & Koch-Schulte, S. (2000). Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank. ISBN: 9780195216011
الأسماء البديلة	CRC, Citizen Report Card Survey, Public Service Report Card, User Satisfaction Report Card	PPA, Participatory Poverty Study, Voices of the Poor Method, Participatory Poverty Diagnosis
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	The Citizen Report Card (CRC) is a social-accountability method that uses a representative sample survey to gather systematic feedback from the users of public services, producing comparative 'report card' ratings of satisfaction, access, reliability, and corruption. Pioneered by Samuel Paul and the Public Affairs Centre in Bangalore, India, in the mid-1990s, it provides an aggregate, quantitative, citywide or regional measure of service quality — distinguishing it from the local, qualitative Community Scorecard — and uses public dissemination and media advocacy to pressure agencies to improve.	A Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) is an instrument for understanding poverty from the perspective of poor people themselves, using participatory methods to elicit their own definitions, experiences, and priorities rather than imposing externally fixed indicators. Pioneered by the World Bank in the 1990s and made famous by the multi-country 'Voices of the Poor' study, the PPA combines participatory rural appraisal tools with a deliberate concern to influence policy, complementing rather than replacing the quantitative household surveys on which official poverty measurement rests.