قارن الطرق

	خوارزميات اكتشاف السببية (PC، FCI، LiNGAM)	اكتشاف المجتمعات	DBSCAN
المجال	الاستدلال السببي	تحليل الشبكات	تعلم الآلة
العائلة	Regression model	Process / pipeline	Machine learning
سنة النشأة	2000	2002–2019 (algorithm family)	1996
صاحب الطريقة	Spirtes, Glymour & Scheines (PC/FCI); Shimizu et al. (LiNGAM)	Louvain: Blondel et al. (2008); Leiden: Traag et al. (2019); Girvan-Newman: Girvan & Newman (2002); Infomap: Rosvall & Bergstrom (2008)	Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J. & Xu, X.
النوع	Causal structure learning	Graph-partitioning / clustering algorithm family	Density-based clustering algorithm
المصدر التأسيسي	Spirtes, P., Glymour, C., & Scheines, R. (2000). Causation, Prediction, and Search (2nd ed.). MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0262194402	Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics, 2008(10), P10008.	Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Sander, J. & Xu, X. (1996). A Density-Based Algorithm for Discovering Clusters in Large Spatial Databases with Noise. Proceedings of the 2nd KDD, 226–231.
الأسماء البديلة	PC algorithm, FCI algorithm, LiNGAM, causal structure learning	graph clustering, network partitioning, Topluluk Tespiti (Louvain, Girvan-Newman, Leiden)	DBSCAN Kümeleme, density-based clustering, density-based spatial clustering
ذات صلة	5	5	3
الملخص	Causal discovery is a family of algorithms that automatically learn a directed acyclic graph (DAG) describing causal structure directly from observational data. The constraint-based PC and FCI algorithms were developed by Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines (2000), while the LiNGAM model of Shimizu et al. (2006) exploits linear non-Gaussian structure to orient edges.	Community detection is a family of graph-partitioning algorithms that discover densely connected sub-groups — communities — within a network. First formalised through the modularity measure by Girvan and Newman (2002), the field advanced rapidly with the Louvain method (Blondel et al., 2008), the Leiden refinement (Traag et al., 2019), and the information-theoretic Infomap approach. All variants answer the same question: which nodes cluster together more tightly among themselves than with the rest of the network?	DBSCAN is a density-based clustering algorithm, introduced by Ester, Kriegel, Sander and Xu in 1996, that groups together points lying in dense regions and flags points in sparse regions as noise. It is effective on noisy data and on clusters of irregular, non-spherical shapes.