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| تدفقات الديناميكا الهوائية بالجملة× | نموذج WRF× | |
|---|---|---|
| المجال | علم الأرصاد الجوية | علم الأرصاد الجوية |
| العائلة | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سنة النشأة≠ | 1981 | 2000 |
| صاحب الطريقة≠ | Large and Pond | Skamarock and Klemp |
| النوع≠ | Surface flux estimation method | Atmospheric simulation system |
| المصدر التأسيسي≠ | Large, W. G., & Pond, S. (1981). Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11(3), 324-336. DOI ↗ | Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., et al. (2008). A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-475+STR. link ↗ |
| الأسماء البديلة≠ | Bulk aerodynamic approach, Bulk flux parametrization, Aerodynamic bulk method | Weather Research and Forecasting, WRF, ARW, NMM |
| ذات صلة≠ | 3 | 4 |
| الملخص≠ | The bulk aerodynamic method estimates surface energy and momentum fluxes from standard meteorological observations. Rather than measuring turbulent fluxes directly, it parameterizes them using measurements of wind speed, temperature, and moisture at a reference height (typically 10 m) and surface conditions, multiplied by empirically derived drag and transfer coefficients. | The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a mesoscale atmospheric simulation system used for weather forecasting, research, and climate applications. Developed cooperatively by NCAR, NOAA, and academic institutions, WRF became operational in 2004 and has become one of the most widely used atmospheric models worldwide. |
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