قارن الطرق

	Broken Windows Assessment	Collective Efficacy Scale
المجال	Criminology	Criminology
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1982	1997
صاحب الطريقة	James Q. Wilson & George L. Kelling	Robert J. Sampson, Stephen W. Raudenbush & Felton Earls
النوع	Observational disorder measurement tied to a crime theory	Ecometric measurement scale of neighborhood social cohesion and informal social control
المصدر التأسيسي	Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. The Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29–38.	Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.
الأسماء البديلة	Broken Windows Disorder Audit, Physical Disorder Assessment, Systematic Social Observation of Disorder, Neighborhood Disorder Audit	Collective Efficacy Measure, Neighborhood Collective Efficacy Scale, Sampson Collective Efficacy Scale, Social Cohesion and Informal Control Scale
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Broken windows assessment is the systematic measurement of physical and social disorder — graffiti, litter, broken windows, public drinking, loitering — tied to the hypothesis that visible disorder signals that no one is in control and thereby invites further crime. Stated by Wilson and Kelling in 1982 and put on a rigorous empirical footing by Sampson and Raudenbush's systematic social observation, it turns the metaphor of an unrepaired broken window into a quantified, reliable neighborhood scale.	The collective efficacy scale measures a neighborhood's shared capacity to maintain order: the combination of social cohesion and mutual trust among residents with their shared willingness to intervene for the common good. Introduced by Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls in their landmark 1997 Science study, it operationalizes a reformulation of social disorganization theory and is constructed with ecometric methods that aggregate individual survey responses into reliable neighborhood-level scores.