قارن الطرق

	الاستدلال بالتمهيد	انحدار المربعات الصغرى العادية (OLS)	اختبار التبديل (العشوائية)
المجال	الإحصاء	الاقتصاد القياسي	الإحصاء
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1979	2019	2005
صاحب الطريقة	Bradley Efron	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Good (2005); Edgington & Onghena (2007); resampling tradition
النوع	Resampling-based inference	Linear regression	Nonparametric resampling test
المصدر التأسيسي	Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Good, P. (2005). Permutation, Parametric and Bootstrap Tests of Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387202792
الأسماء البديلة	bootstrap, bootstrap resampling, nonparametric bootstrap, Bootstrap Çıkarımı	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	randomization test, exact permutation test, re-randomization test, Permütasyon Testi
ذات صلة	5	5	5
الملخص	Bootstrap inference, introduced by Bradley Efron in 1979, estimates the sampling distribution of a statistic by repeatedly resampling the observed data with replacement. It requires no distributional assumption and produces reliable confidence intervals even in small samples.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	The permutation test is a nonparametric resampling procedure that builds the sampling distribution of a test statistic directly from the data by repeatedly shuffling the group labels. Developed in the resampling tradition and treated systematically by Good (2005) and Edgington & Onghena (2007), it requires no parametric distributional assumption and yields an exact p-value.