قارن الطرق

	Bookmark Standard Setting	المعادلة الاختبارية (Test Equating)
المجال	Education	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	2001	1984 (modern statistical treatment)
صاحب الطريقة	Howard Mitzel, Daniel Lewis, Richard Patz & Donald Ross Green (CTB/McGraw-Hill)	Kolen & Brennan (foundational treatise, 2004/2014); Holland & Dorans (2006)
النوع	IRT-based standard-setting procedure using ordered item booklets	Score transformation / latent-scale calibration
المصدر التأسيسي	Cizek, G. J., & Bunch, M. B. (2007). Standard Setting: A Guide to Establishing and Evaluating Performance Standards on Tests. Sage. ISBN: 9781412916820	Kolen, M.J. & Brennan, R.L. (2014). Test Equating, Scaling, and Linking: Methods and Practices (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-1-4939-0316-6
الأسماء البديلة	Bookmark Method, Bookmark Procedure, Item Mapping Standard Setting, Ordered Item Booklet Method	Test Eşitleme (Test Equating), score equating, equipercentile equating, IRT true-score equating
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	The Bookmark method is an item-response-theory-based standard-setting procedure in which test items are arranged in a booklet ordered from easiest to hardest. Panelists page through this ordered item booklet and place a 'bookmark' at the point separating items a borderline examinee would likely master from those they would not, judged against a fixed response probability (commonly two-thirds). The latent ability at the bookmark defines the cut score. Developed at CTB/McGraw-Hill, it became one of the dominant methods for large-scale K-12 assessments.	Test equating is a family of statistical methods that converts scores earned on one test form onto the score scale of another form, so that scores from different administrations or versions can be compared and reported on a common metric. The foundational modern treatment is Kolen and Brennan (2004/2014); Holland and Dorans (2006) provide the authoritative chapter-length overview within the field of educational measurement.