قارن الطرق

	Bookmark Standard Setting	نظرية الاستجابة للمفردة (IRT)
المجال	Education	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	2001	1952–1968
صاحب الطريقة	Howard Mitzel, Daniel Lewis, Richard Patz & Donald Ross Green (CTB/McGraw-Hill)	Frederic M. Lord (and Allan Birnbaum for the 2PL/3PL models)
النوع	IRT-based standard-setting procedure using ordered item booklets	Probabilistic measurement model
المصدر التأسيسي	Cizek, G. J., & Bunch, M. B. (2007). Standard Setting: A Guide to Establishing and Evaluating Performance Standards on Tests. Sage. ISBN: 9781412916820	Lord, F. M. & Novick, M. R. (1968). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison-Wesley.
الأسماء البديلة	Bookmark Method, Bookmark Procedure, Item Mapping Standard Setting, Ordered Item Booklet Method	IRT, latent trait theory, item characteristic curve theory, modern test theory
ذات صلة	3	5
الملخص	The Bookmark method is an item-response-theory-based standard-setting procedure in which test items are arranged in a booklet ordered from easiest to hardest. Panelists page through this ordered item booklet and place a 'bookmark' at the point separating items a borderline examinee would likely master from those they would not, judged against a fixed response probability (commonly two-thirds). The latent ability at the bookmark defines the cut score. Developed at CTB/McGraw-Hill, it became one of the dominant methods for large-scale K-12 assessments.	Item response theory models the probability that a respondent answers an item correctly (or endorses it) as a function of the respondent's latent trait level and the item's own statistical properties — difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. Unlike classical test theory, IRT places persons and items on the same scale, yielding measurement that is sample-independent for items and test-independent for persons.