قارن الطرق

	اختبار ذي الحدين الدقيق	تحليل الجداول المتقاطعة	الإحصاء الوصفي
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Regression model	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سنة النشأة	1988	1900	1977
صاحب الطريقة	Classical exact test; textbook treatment by Siegel & Castellan	Karl Pearson	John W. Tukey
النوع	Exact one-sample test for a proportion	Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis	Summary procedure
المصدر التأسيسي	Siegel, S. & Castellan, N. J. (1988). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070573574	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165
الأسماء البديلة	exact binomial test, binomial probability test, exact test for a proportion, Tam Binom Testi	crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis	summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik
ذات صلة	2	5	6
الملخص	The exact binomial test checks whether the observed number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials is consistent with a pre-specified success probability p₀. Because it computes exact binomial tail probabilities rather than relying on a normal approximation, it is the gold standard for testing a proportion in small samples; this two-sided formulation follows Siegel & Castellan's classic treatment (1988).	Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.	Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure.