قارن الطرق

	أخلاقيات أبحاث الحيوان	مبادئ نزاهة البحث العلمي
المجال	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1959	2007
صاحب الطريقة	Russell & Burch (1959); EU Directive 2010/63/EU; NIH, USDA, international adoption	Multiple (National Academies, NIH/ORI, ESOMAR, individual discipline standards)
النوع	Framework	Framework
المصدر التأسيسي	Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Methuen.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering Integrity in Research. The National Academies Press.
الأسماء البديلة	3Rs Framework, Animal Welfare Principles, Animal Research Ethics	Responsible Conduct of Research, RCR, Research Ethics Standards
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	The 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) is the ethical framework governing humane animal research, established by Russell and Burch (1959) and now adopted globally by research institutions, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies. The 3Rs require researchers to: replace animal research with non-animal methods where possible, reduce the number of animals used through rigorous design, and refine experimental procedures to minimize animal suffering. Implementation of the 3Rs is now mandatory in most jurisdictions through Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), EU Directive 2010/63/EU, and NIH policy.	Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is trustworthy, reproducible, and contributes legitimate knowledge. These principles are universal across disciplines and are enforced through institutional policies, professional standards, and regulatory oversight. Violations of research integrity undermine scientific credibility and can harm subjects, institutions, and public trust.