قارن الطرق

	أخلاقيات أبحاث الحيوان	لجنة مراجعة المؤسسات
المجال	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1959	1974
صاحب الطريقة	Russell & Burch (1959); EU Directive 2010/63/EU; NIH, USDA, international adoption	U.S. Federal Requirement (National Research Act 1974); International adoption by WMA and research institutions globally
النوع	Framework	Standard
المصدر التأسيسي	Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Methuen.	U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects. Office of the Federal Register.
الأسماء البديلة	3Rs Framework, Animal Welfare Principles, Animal Research Ethics	IRB, Research Ethics Committee, REC
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	The 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) is the ethical framework governing humane animal research, established by Russell and Burch (1959) and now adopted globally by research institutions, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies. The 3Rs require researchers to: replace animal research with non-animal methods where possible, reduce the number of animals used through rigorous design, and refine experimental procedures to minimize animal suffering. Implementation of the 3Rs is now mandatory in most jurisdictions through Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), EU Directive 2010/63/EU, and NIH policy.	The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is the independent ethics committee established at research institutions to review and approve human subjects research, ensuring compliance with ethical principles and federal regulations. Created as a legal requirement by the U.S. National Research Act (1974) and now adopted globally, the IRB serves as the primary mechanism for protecting research subjects while enabling legitimate research to proceed. No human subjects research can begin without IRB approval.