قارن الطرق

	أخلاقيات أبحاث الحيوان	تقرير بلمونت	لجنة مراجعة المؤسسات	مبادئ نزاهة البحث العلمي
المجال	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث	أخلاقيات البحث
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1959	1979	1974	2007
صاحب الطريقة	Russell & Burch (1959); EU Directive 2010/63/EU; NIH, USDA, international adoption	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (US DHEW)	U.S. Federal Requirement (National Research Act 1974); International adoption by WMA and research institutions globally	Multiple (National Academies, NIH/ORI, ESOMAR, individual discipline standards)
النوع	Framework	Framework	Standard	Framework
المصدر التأسيسي	Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. Methuen.	National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.	U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects. Office of the Federal Register.	National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Fostering Integrity in Research. The National Academies Press.
الأسماء البديلة	3Rs Framework, Animal Welfare Principles, Animal Research Ethics	Belmont Principles, Three Ethical Principles	IRB, Research Ethics Committee, REC	Responsible Conduct of Research, RCR, Research Ethics Standards
ذات صلة	3	5	4	4
الملخص	The 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) is the ethical framework governing humane animal research, established by Russell and Burch (1959) and now adopted globally by research institutions, funding agencies, and regulatory bodies. The 3Rs require researchers to: replace animal research with non-animal methods where possible, reduce the number of animals used through rigorous design, and refine experimental procedures to minimize animal suffering. Implementation of the 3Rs is now mandatory in most jurisdictions through Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), EU Directive 2010/63/EU, and NIH policy.	The Belmont Report (1979) is the foundational US ethical framework for human subjects research, established by the National Commission following the Tuskegee Syphilis Study scandal. It articulates three core principles—Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice—that form the basis for institutional review and regulatory oversight of human research globally. Every researcher conducting human studies must understand and apply these principles.	The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is the independent ethics committee established at research institutions to review and approve human subjects research, ensuring compliance with ethical principles and federal regulations. Created as a legal requirement by the U.S. National Research Act (1974) and now adopted globally, the IRB serves as the primary mechanism for protecting research subjects while enabling legitimate research to proceed. No human subjects research can begin without IRB approval.	Research integrity encompasses the ethical and professional standards that guide responsible conduct in all aspects of research—from study design and data collection through analysis, reporting, and publication. The core principles—honesty, transparency, accountability, respect, and stewardship—ensure that research is trustworthy, reproducible, and contributes legitimate knowledge. These principles are universal across disciplines and are enforced through institutional policies, professional standards, and regulatory oversight. Violations of research integrity undermine scientific credibility and can harm subjects, institutions, and public trust.