قارن الطرق

	Ancient DNA Analysis	Lipid Residue Analysis
المجال	علم الآثار	علم الآثار
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2004	2008
صاحب الطريقة	Svante Paabo and colleagues (foundational methodology)	Richard P. Evershed and the Bristol organic-geochemistry school
النوع	Laboratory and computational pipeline for recovering and authenticating genetic data from archaeological remains	Analytical pipeline for identifying foodstuffs from organic residues preserved in pottery
المصدر التأسيسي	Paabo, S., et al. (2004). Genetic Analyses from Ancient DNA. Annual Review of Genetics, 38, 645-679.	Evershed, R. P. (2008). Organic Residue Analysis in Archaeology: The Archaeological Biomarker Revolution. Archaeometry, 50(6), 895-924.
الأسماء البديلة	aDNA Analysis, Archaeogenetics, Ancient Genomics, Palaeogenetics	Organic Residue Analysis, Pottery Lipid Analysis, Absorbed Residue Analysis, Biomarker Residue Analysis
ذات صلة	2	2
الملخص	Ancient DNA analysis recovers genetic information from the degraded remains of past organisms — human and animal bones and teeth, and increasingly sediments — and uses it to reconstruct kinship, ancestry, population history, sex, pathogens, and domestication. Because DNA fragments into ever-shorter pieces and accumulates characteristic chemical damage after death, and because a handful of modern molecules can swamp the few authentic ones, the field is defined less by sequencing itself than by an exacting protocol of clean-lab extraction, contamination control, and authentication. The foundational reviews by Svante Paabo and colleagues set out the principles that distinguish genuine ancient sequences from contaminants, and the move to next-generation sequencing transformed aDNA from a fragile curiosity into a routine source of genome-scale data.	Lipid residue analysis identifies the foodstuffs once processed, stored, or cooked in ancient pottery by recovering and characterizing the fatty molecules absorbed into the porous ceramic fabric. Lipids are hydrophobic, comparatively stable, and become trapped within vessel walls, where they can survive for millennia long after proteins and DNA have vanished, making them the most informative class of organic residue for reconstructing pot use. Richard Evershed and the Bristol school turned this insight into a rigorous analytical program — the 'archaeological biomarker revolution' — combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify diagnostic compounds with compound-specific carbon-isotope analysis of individual fatty acids to distinguish, for example, dairy from carcass fats and ruminant from non-ruminant sources. The result is direct molecular evidence of past diet and culinary practice from the vessels themselves.