قارن الطرق

	متساويات الامتزاز (لانغموير-فروندليتش)	التقطير التفاعلي
المجال	الفيزياء التطبيقية	الفيزياء التطبيقية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1918	1995
صاحب الطريقة	Irving Langmuir	Klaus Sundmacher
النوع	Empirical and theoretical adsorption equilibrium model	Integrated reaction-separation process model
المصدر التأسيسي	Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361-1403.	Sundmacher, K., & Kienle, A. (2003). Reactive Distillation: Status and Future Directions. Wiley-VCH. ISBN: 978-3-527-30623-9
الأسماء البديلة	Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, sorption equilibrium	integrated distillation-reaction, reactive column, reaction with separation
ذات صلة	3	4
الملخص	Adsorption isotherms describe the equilibrium uptake of a substance on a solid surface as a function of gas or solution phase concentration at constant temperature. The Langmuir isotherm (1918) and Freundlich isotherm (1906) are classical empirical models. The Langmuir model assumes monolayer coverage and is mechanistic; the Freundlich model is empirical and describes multilayer or heterogeneous adsorption. These isotherms are essential for designing separation processes (activated carbon filters, molecular sieves) and understanding pollutant sorption.	Reactive distillation couples reaction and separation in a single column, where reactants are separated from products continuously while simultaneously undergoing reaction on catalytic trays. Pioneered in the 1990s by Klaus Sundmacher and others, this process intensification technique dramatically reduces capital cost, energy consumption, and environmental impact for suitable reactions. It is now industrially proven for esterification, hydration, and transesterification processes.