قارن الطرق

	الهولوغرافيا الصوتية	صوتيات طريقة العناصر الحدودية	Impedance Tube
المجال	علم الصوتيات	علم الصوتيات	علم الصوتيات
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1985	1971	1866
صاحب الطريقة	James Maynard, Earl Williams, Yongjian Lee	Carlos Brebbia, Robert Butterfield	August Kundt
النوع	Sound field reconstruction method	Computational simulation for acoustics	Acoustic absorption measurement
المصدر التأسيسي	Maynard, J. D., Williams, E. G., & Lee, Y. (1985). Near-field acoustic holography: I. Theory of generalized holography and the development of NAH. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 78(4), 1395–1413.	Burton, A. J., & Miller, G. F. (1971). The application of integral equation methods to the numerical solution of some exterior boundary-value problems. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 323(1553), 201–210.	ASTM E1050-19 (2019). Standard Test Method for Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials Using a Tube, Two Microphone and a Digital Frequency Analysis System. American Society for Testing and Materials.
الأسماء البديلة	NAH, near-field acoustics, sound field mapping, acoustic imaging	BEM, boundary element method, indirect BEM, direct BEM	kundt tube, resonance tube, acoustic absorption, sound absorption coefficient
ذات صلة	5	5	5
الملخص	Near-Field Acoustic Holography (NAH) is a technique for reconstructing 3D acoustic sound fields and visualizing sound radiation from sources by measuring pressure at a dense microphone array in the near field. Pioneered by Maynard, Williams, and Lee in 1985, NAH extends holographic principles from optics to acoustics, enabling detailed acoustic source characterization, noise source identification, and acoustic field visualization that is impossible with conventional single-point or line-array methods.	The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is a numerical technique for solving acoustic wave equations in complex geometries. Unlike finite element methods (FEM) that mesh entire volumes, BEM discretizes only the acoustic boundaries (surfaces), reducing computational cost and memory. First applied to acoustics by Burton and Miller in 1971, BEM is widely used for predicting room acoustics, exterior noise radiation, and acoustic scattering without the need for volumetric meshing.	An impedance tube (or Kundt tube) is a laboratory apparatus for measuring the acoustic absorption coefficient and surface impedance of materials. Originally developed by August Kundt in 1866, the technique has been standardized by ASTM and ISO for characterizing noise-control and acoustic-treatment materials. The impedance tube method is simple, portable, and cost-effective, making it the industry standard for pre-design acoustic material selection and quality control.