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Khám phá khoa học theo phương pháp, lĩnh vực và bằng chứng.

Một danh mục duy nhất về các phương pháp nghiên cứu — tìm hiểu cách mỗi phương pháp hoạt động, khi nào nên dùng và điều nó không làm được.

6,435 phương pháp11 lĩnh vực7 họ phương pháp40 ngôn ngữ
Atlas khoa họcLập bản đồ cấu trúc của khoa học trước khi sử dụng.Lĩnh vực · phương pháp · lộ trình bằng chứngKhám phá bản đồ
Lĩnh vựcHealth & Medicine716Psychology570Business & Finance410Engineering330Life Sciences263Education261Research Practice
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Thư viện tham khảo về phương pháp nghiên cứu, đặt nội dung lên hàng đầu — mỗi phương pháp là gì, hoạt động ra sao và bắt nguồn từ đâu.

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Các mục từ được biên soạn từ những nguồn đã công bố nhằm mục đích tham khảo. Việc kiểm chứng tính chính xác và mức độ phù hợp của bất kỳ thông tin nào cho mục đích sử dụng của bạn vẫn thuộc trách nhiệm của bạn.

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Natural Sciences236
Social Sciences185
Environment & Sustainability160
Law30
Phương phápThống kê1,836Trí tuệ nhân tạo & học máy1,661Khoa học quyết định932Phương pháp nghiên cứu1,354Đo lường1,745Nhân quả & bằng chứng532Thực hành nghiên cứu118
852 phương pháp · Khoa học quyết địnhXóa
Các phương pháp thực khớp với bộ lọc của bạn.
Sắp xếpĐộ phổ biếnA–ZZ–AMới nhất
decision making

P-MOORA

P-MOORA (Plithogenic extension of P-MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-MULTIMOORA

P-MULTIMOORA (Plithogenic extension of P-MULTIMOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-OCRA

P-OCRA (Plithogenic extension of P-OCRA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-PROMETHEE

P-PROMETHEE (Plithogenic extension of P-PROMETHEE) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2019
decision making

P-PSI

P-PSI (Plithogenic extension of P-PSI) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-RAFSI

P-RAFSI (Plithogenic extension of P-RAFSI) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-RAWEC

P-RAWEC (Plithogenic extension of P-RAWEC) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-ROV

P-ROV (Plithogenic extension of P-ROV) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-SAW

P-SAW (Plithogenic extension of P-SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-SPOTIS

P-SPOTIS (Plithogenic extension of P-SPOTIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-TODIM

P-TODIM (Plithogenic extension of P-TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-TOPSIS

P-TOPSIS (Plithogenic extension of P-TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-VIKOR

P-VIKOR (Plithogenic extension of P-VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-WASPAS

P-WASPAS (Plithogenic extension of P-WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-WISP

P-WISP (Plithogenic extension of P-WISP) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

P-WPM

P-WPM (Plithogenic extension of P-WPM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

PAM

PAM (Polygons Area Method) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Various authors in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2010
decision making

PAMSSEM-I

PAMSSEM-I (PAMSSEM I — Procédure d'Agrégation Multicritère) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Martel, J. M., Aouni, B. in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1996
decision making

PAMSSEM-II

PAMSSEM-II (PAMSSEM II — Total ranking variant) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Martel, J. M., Aouni, B. in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn1996
child psychiatry

Parent-Child Relationship Inventory

The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) is a 78-item (or 35-item short form) parent self-report measure of parenting attitudes, behaviors, and relationship quality with their child ages 3–15 years. Developed by Abraham Gerard in 1994, the PCRI assesses six dimensions of parenting: Parental Support, Satisfaction

2 nguồn1994
optimization

Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, inspired by the collective movement of bird flocks and fish schools. Each candidate solution — called a particle — moves through the search space by updating its velocity and position based on its

2 nguồn1995
palliative care

Patient Dignity Inventory

The Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI) is a 25-item self-report measure assessing dignity-related distress in patients with advanced cancer and life-limiting illness. Developed by Chochinov and colleagues at the University of Manitoba in 2008, the PDI operationalizes 'dignity' as a multidimensional construct encompassing

2 nguồn2008
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Cancer Module

The PedsQL Cancer Module is a 31-item disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2002 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with cancer aged 2–18 years. It captures treatment burden (nausea, vomiting, pain, hair loss), cancer-related worry, cognitive concerns, and emotional and social imp

2 nguồn2002
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Cardiac Module

The PedsQL Cardiac Module is a disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in the mid-2000s to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with cardiac disease aged 2–18 years. Measuring across domains including cardiac symptom impact, activity limitations, and cardiac-related worry, it captures how c

2 nguồn2005
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Diabetes Module

The PedsQL Diabetes Module is a 28-item disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2003 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It captures the impact of diabetes management, glucose monitoring, and disease-related worry on daily functioning. The module is p

2 nguồn2003
developmental assessment

PedsQL Pediatric Quality of Life

The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), developed by James Varni in 2001, is a validated, evidence-based patient-reported outcome measure assessing health-related quality of life in children and adolescents aged 2–18 years. Available in generic core scales and disease-specific modules, it measures physical, e

2 nguồn2001
pediatric medicine

PedsQL Sickle Cell Module

The PedsQL Sickle Cell Disease Module is a disease-specific instrument developed by Varni et al. in 2012 to measure quality of life in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease aged 2–18 years. Measuring across domains including pain and symptoms, functional limitations, school impact, and disease-related worry

2 nguồn2012
urology gynecology

Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory

The PFDI is a condition-specific quality-of-life measure designed to assess symptom distress across the spectrum of pelvic floor disorders, including urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and fecal incontinence. Originally published by Barber and colleagues in 2001 with 93 items, the 20-item short form (PFDI-20)

2 nguồn2001
military psychology

Peritraumatic Distress Inventory

The PDI is a 13-item self-report measure assessing the emotional, physical, and cognitive distress experienced during or immediately after a traumatic event. Developed by Brunet, Akerib, and Birmes in 2001, it captures acute peritraumatic responses (dissociation, fear, confusion) that predict risk for chronic PTSD. It

2 nguồn2001
decision making

PF-ARAS

PF-ARAS (Pythagorean extension of ARAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-COCOSO

PF-COCOSO (PF-CoCoSo — Pythagorean extension of COCOSO) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-CODAS

PF-CODAS (Pythagorean extension of CODAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-COPRAS

PF-COPRAS (Pythagorean extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-EDAS

PF-EDAS (Pythagorean extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-ELECTRE-II

PF-ELECTRE-II (Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE-II for group MCDM) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M.; Ilyas, F.; Garg, H. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2021
decision making

PF-GRA

PF-GRA (Pythagorean extension of GRA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-MABAC

PF-MABAC (Pythagorean extension of MABAC) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-MARCOS

PF-MARCOS (Pythagorean extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-MOORA

PF-MOORA (Pythagorean extension of MOORA) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-PROMETHEE

PF-PROMETHEE (Pythagorean extension of PROMETHEE) is a outranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-SAW

PF-SAW (Pythagorean extension of SAW) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-TODIM

PF-TODIM (Pythagorean extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ren, P., Xu, Z., Gou, X. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2016
decision making

PF-TOPSIS

PF-TOPSIS (Pythagorean extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhang, X., Xu, Z. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-VIKOR

PF-VIKOR (Pythagorean extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Abbas, S., Hussain, Z., Hussain, Z., Ali, I., Mudabar, S.M. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2024
decision making

PF-WASPAS

PF-WASPAS (Pythagorean extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PF-WPM

PF-WPM (Pythagorean extension of WPM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yager, R. R. in 2014. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2014
decision making

PHF-COPRAS

PHF-COPRAS (Probabilistic Hesitant extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Song, H. F. Chen, Z. C. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2021
decision making

PHF-EDAS

PHF-EDAS (Extended Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic EDAS (EHFL-EDAS)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Feng, X., Wei, C., Liu, Q. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2018
decision making

PHF-TOPSIS

PHF-TOPSIS (Probabilistic Hesitant extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by PENDING_LITERATURE_SEARCH. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn
decision making

PHF-VIKOR

PHF-VIKOR (Probabilistic Hesitant extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhang, S. Xu, Z. S. He, Y. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2017
decision making

PHFS-EHVAR

PHFS-EHVAR (PHFS-EHVaR — Expected Hesitant Value-at-Risk for Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (Zhou-Xu 2017)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhou, W. Xu, Z. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2017
decision making

PHFS-HVAR

PHFS-HVAR (PHFS-HVaR — Hesitant Value-at-Risk for Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (Zhou-Xu 2017)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zhou, W. Xu, Z. in 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2017
decision making

PIF-ARAS

PIF-ARAS (PiF-ARAS — Picture Fuzzy extension of ARAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2013
decision making

PIF-ARTASI

PIF-ARTASI (Picture Fuzzy ARTASI (Kara et al. 2024)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Kaygısız, E. G., Simic, V., Örnek, A. Ş., Pamucar, D. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible resu

1 nguồn2024
decision making

PIF-CIMAS

PIF-CIMAS (Picture Fuzzy variant of CIMAS (Kara et al. 2024)) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Kaygısız, E. G., Simic, V., Örnek, A. Ş., Pamucar, D. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured

1 nguồn2024
decision making

PIF-CIMAS-ARTASI

PIF-CIMAS-ARTASI (Hybrid Picture Fuzzy weighting (CIMAS) + ranking (ARTASI)) is a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Kara, K., Yalçın, G. C., Kaygısız, E. G., Simic, V., Örnek, A. Ş., Pamucar, D. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a struct

1 nguồn2024
decision making

PIF-CODAS

PIF-CODAS (PiF-CODAS — Picture extension of CODAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2013
decision making

PIF-COPRAS

PIF-COPRAS (PiF-COPRAS — Picture extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2013
decision making

PIF-DOMBI

PIF-DOMBI (Picture Fuzzy Dombi Aggregation Operators for MADM (Jana, Senapati, Pal & Yager 2019)) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jana, C. Senapati, T. Pal, M. Yager, R. R. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structur

1 nguồn2019
decision making

PIF-EDAS

PIF-EDAS (PiF-EDAS — Picture extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cuong, B. C., Kreinovich, V. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 nguồn2013
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