Ordinal Measurement Invariance
Ordinal measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a multi-group confirmatory factor model holds equivalent measurement properties across groups when scale items are ordinal — such as Likert-type response scales. It uses polychoric correlations and categorical estimators (WLSMV/DWLS) rather than Pearson-based methods, correcting the systematic bias that arises when ordinal data are treated as continuous.
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- Millsap, R. E. (2011). Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. Routledge. · ISBN 978-1848728936
- Muthén, B. O. (1984). A general structural equation model with dichotomous, ordered categorical, and continuous latent variable indicators. Psychometrika, 49(1), 115–132. · DOI 10.1007/BF02294210
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