Multi-group Differential Item Functioning
Multi-group differential item functioning examines whether test or scale items function equivalently across three or more distinct groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or country — after matching respondents on the underlying trait being measured. Items that behave differently across groups threaten fair measurement and valid score comparisons.
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- Millsap, R. E. (2012). Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. Routledge. · ISBN 978-1848728936
- Magis, D., Beland, S., Tuerlinckx, F., & De Boeck, P. (2010). A general framework and an R package for the detection of dichotomous differential item functioning. Behavior Research Methods, 42(3), 847-862. · DOI 10.3758/BRM.42.3.847
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