CALPHAD
CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) is a computational method for predicting thermodynamic equilibrium properties and phase diagrams of multicomponent alloys. Pioneered by Larry Kaufman in 1970, CALPHAD combines experimental and computational data to assess thermodynamic properties of phases and subsequently predict equilibrium conditions. It is the standard methodology in physical metallurgy and materials design for alloy development, process optimization, and understanding phase stability.
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- Kaufman, L., & Bernstein, H. (1970). Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams. Academic Press. · URL
- Saunders, N., Miodownik, A. P., & Schobel, R. (2016). CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams): A Comprehensive Guide. Elsevier. · URL
- Lukas, H. L., Feucht, B., & Sundman, B. (2007). Computational Thermodynamics: The CALPHAD Method. Cambridge University Press. · DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511804137
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