Adsorption Isotherm (Langmuir-Freundlich)
Adsorption isotherms describe the equilibrium uptake of a substance on a solid surface as a function of gas or solution phase concentration at constant temperature. The Langmuir isotherm (1918) and Freundlich isotherm (1906) are classical empirical models. The Langmuir model assumes monolayer coverage and is mechanistic; the Freundlich model is empirical and describes multilayer or heterogeneous adsorption. These isotherms are essential for designing separation processes (activated carbon filters, molecular sieves) and understanding pollutant sorption.
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- Langmuir, I. (1918). The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 40(9), 1361-1403. · DOI 10.1021/ja02242a004
- Freundlich, H. M. F. (1906). Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 57(1), 385-470. · URL
- Yang, R. T. (1997). Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes. Butterworth-Heinemann. · ISBN 978-0-7506-3897-0
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