Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale
The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGCMS) is a classic self-report instrument for measuring morale — a broad sense of psychological well-being — in older adults. Developed by M. Powell Lawton and presented in revised 17-item form in his 1975 Journal of Gerontology paper, the scale defines morale as a basic sense of satisfaction with oneself, a feeling that one has a place in one's environment, and an acceptance of what cannot be changed. Principal-components analysis of the original items identified three reproducible factors: Agitation, Attitude Toward Own Aging, and Lonely Dissatisfaction. Respondents answer simple yes/no questions, which are keyed and summed so that higher totals indicate higher morale. The PGCMS became one of the most influential measures of subjective well-being in social gerontology and remains widely used in research on quality of life and successful aging.
Înregistrare sursă
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- Lawton, M. P. (1975). The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A Revision. Journal of Gerontology, 30(1), 85-89. · DOI 10.1093/geronj/30.1.85
- Liang, J., & Bollen, K. A. (1983). The Structure of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale: A Reinterpretation. Journal of Gerontology, 38(2), 181-189. · DOI 10.1093/geronj/38.2.181
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