Expectations Regarding Aging Survey
The Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA) Survey measures the degree to which an individual expects physical, mental, and cognitive functioning to decline as a normal and unavoidable part of growing older. Developed by Catherine Sarkisian and colleagues at UCLA, the original 38-item version (ERA-38, 2002) and the widely used 12-item short form (ERA-12, 2005) capture 'age expectations' — a self-perception-of-aging construct that predicts health behaviors and outcomes. Items are answered on a Likert scale and scored into three domain scores (expectations regarding physical health, mental health, and cognitive function) plus a total, conventionally rescaled to 0–100 where higher scores indicate higher (more positive) expectations. Low expectations — believing that decline is inevitable — are associated with less physical activity, lower help-seeking, and worse outcomes, making the ERA a key tool for studying how beliefs about aging shape behavior.
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- Sarkisian, C. A., Hays, R. D., Berry, S., & Mangione, C. M. (2002). Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-38) Survey. The Gerontologist, 42(4), 534-542. · DOI 10.1093/geront/42.4.534
- Sarkisian, C. A., Steers, W. N., Hays, R. D., & Mangione, C. M. (2005). Development of the 12-Item Expectations Regarding Aging Survey. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 240-248. · DOI 10.1093/geront/45.2.240
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