Triple Helix Analysis
Triple Helix analysis is a framework and bibliometric method for studying knowledge-based innovation as the evolving interplay of three institutional spheres—university, industry, and government. Rather than treating these as separate actors that occasionally cooperate, it models innovation as the overlapping, mutually shaping relations among them, and offers an information-theoretic indicator that quantifies how much the three spheres jointly reduce uncertainty in a knowledge economy.
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- Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123. · DOI 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4
- Leydesdorff, L. (2006). The triple helix indicator of knowledge-based innovation systems. Research Policy, 35(10), 1538-1553. · DOI 10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.027
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