Racial Resentment Scale
The Racial Resentment Scale, developed by Donald Kinder and Lynn Sanders in Divided by Color (1996), measures a modern, symbolic form of racial prejudice in which anti-Black affect is fused with the traditional American value of individualism. Rather than endorsing biological inferiority, racially resentful respondents express the belief that Black Americans violate norms of self-reliance and hard work and make illegitimate demands for special treatment. The standard battery of four agree-disagree items has become the dominant survey measure of racial attitudes in American political science and a powerful predictor of opinion on welfare, affirmative action, and racialized candidate evaluation.
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- Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. University of Chicago Press. · ISBN 9780226435749
- Tesler, M. (2015). The Conditions Ripe for Racial Spillover Effects. Political Psychology, 36(S1), 101-117. · DOI 10.1111/pops.12246
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