Apparent-Time Analysis
Apparent-time analysis is the foundational variationist method for detecting language change in progress without waiting for time to pass. Introduced by William Labov in his 1963 study of Martha's Vineyard, it compares the speech of speakers of different ages sampled at a single moment and treats the age dimension as a proxy for historical time: if younger speakers use a variant more than older speakers, that age gradient is read as evidence of change unfolding across generations. The inference rests on the apparent-time hypothesis — that an individual's vernacular is largely fixed in adolescence and remains stable through adult life — so that the speech of today's seventy-year-olds reflects the community norms of roughly fifty years ago.
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- Labov, W. (1963). The social motivation of a sound change. Word, 19(3), 273–309. · DOI 10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799
- Bailey, G., Wikle, T., Tillery, J., & Sand, L. (1991). The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change, 3(3), 241–264. · DOI 10.1017/S0954394500000569
- Tagliamonte, S. A. (2012). Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation. Wiley-Blackwell. · ISBN 9781405135917
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