Political Trust Scale
The Political Trust Scale measures citizen confidence in government institutions, elected officials, and the political system's responsiveness and fairness. Pioneered by Miller (1974) and operationalized across comparative electoral studies (CSES Module 5), the scale captures both diffuse trust (in the political system generally) and specific trust (in particular institutions such as parliament or the executive). It is central to understanding democratic legitimacy, political engagement, and support for democratic institutions.
Rekod sumber
Petikan disalin secara verbatim daripada rekod sumber kaedah. Tiada pengesahan peringkat tuntutan disimpulkan daripadanya.
- Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 951-972. · DOI 10.2307/1959140
- Hetherington, M. J. (2005). Why trust matters: Declining political trust and the demise of American democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. · URL
- Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Module 5 (2016-2021). Political Trust and Legitimacy Scales. CSES Secretariat, University of Michigan. · URL
Tuntutan yang dikurasi
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Kaedah berkaitan
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