Information Search Process Model
The Information Search Process (ISP) model, developed by Carol Kuhlthau and consolidated in her 1991 study 'Inside the Search Process,' describes information seeking as a holistic, extended experience in which feelings, thoughts and actions evolve together across six stages. Drawing on a series of longitudinal studies of students working on research papers, Kuhlthau showed that an information search is not a smooth, rational march to an answer but an emotional journey: uncertainty and anxiety are highest in the early, exploratory phase and only subside once the seeker forms a personal focus for the work. Her 'uncertainty principle' reframed information seeking as a process of construction in the sense of George Kelly's personal construct theory, and her notion of a 'zone of intervention' gave librarians and system designers a principled account of when and how to help.
Rekod sumber
Petikan disalin secara verbatim daripada rekod sumber kaedah. Tiada pengesahan peringkat tuntutan disimpulkan daripadanya.
Tuntutan yang dikurasi
Tuntutan disimpan dalam lejar bukti, setiap satu dengan penilaiannya sendiri.
Pandangan ini tidak mencipta penilaian tuntutan apabila lejar tiada.
Kaedah berkaitan
Dijana daripada graf kaedah dan ditunjukkan sebagai perhubungan yang dicadangkan mesin — tiada tuntutan bukti disimpulkan.