Article Retraction Process
An article retraction is the invalidation of a published article due to serious flaws (data fraud, major methodological errors, ethical violations) that undermine its conclusions. Retractions are distinct from corrections (which address minor errors) and are initiated by authors, editors, or institutions when integrity is compromised. The first modern retraction was published in 1948. COPE published formal Retraction Guidelines in 2009 (updated 2019) that specify when retraction is appropriate, how it is conducted, and how retraction notices are recorded. Retracted articles remain in the literature with a visible 'RETRACTED' watermark, preserving the scientific record and warning readers.
Catatan sumber
Kutipan disalin apa adanya dari catatan sumber metode. Tidak ada verifikasi tingkat klaim yang disimpulkan darinya.
- Committee on Publication Ethics (2019). Retraction Guidelines. COPE. · URL
- Garfield, E., & Welljams-Dorof, A. (1990). Citation Data: Its Use as a Science Indicator for Measuring and Evaluating the Activity of Scientists. Science and Public Policy, 17(5), 359–375. · URL
- Retraction Watch (2023). Database of Retracted Publications. Ivan Oransky & Adam Marcus. · URL
Klaim yang dikurasi
Klaim tersimpan dalam buku besar bukti, masing-masing dengan penilaiannya sendiri.
Tampilan ini tidak menciptakan penilaian klaim ketika buku besar tidak memilikinya.
Metode terkait
Dihasilkan dari grafik metode dan ditampilkan sebagai relasi yang disarankan mesin — tidak ada klaim bukti yang disimpulkan.