Catatan bukti metode

Cross-sectional ex post facto design

A cross-sectional ex post facto design investigates presumed causal relationships by comparing groups that already differ on a key characteristic — all measured at a single point in time. Because the independent variable (e.g., smoking history, prior educational attainment) has already occurred and cannot be manipulated, the researcher works backward from observed outcomes to infer probable antecedents. It is widely used in education, public health, and the social sciences when experimental control is ethically or practically impossible.

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Cross-sectional Ex Post Facto Research Design

Catatan metode taksonomi · process-pipeline / research-design

Kerlinger, F. N. (1973). Foundations of Behavioral Research (2nd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. · ISBN 978-0030862731
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. · ISBN 978-0073525960

Buka metode lengkap

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Metode terkait

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Taxonomic bucketCausal-Comparative Researchmachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Taxonomic bucketCross-sectional causal-comparative researchmachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Taxonomic bucketEx Post Facto Designmachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Taxonomic bucketLongitudinal Ex Post Facto Designmachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.