360-Degree Feedback
360-degree feedback, also called multisource feedback, gathers ratings of a focal person's work behavior from the full circle of people around them, self, supervisor, peers, and direct reports, and sometimes customers, rather than from a single boss. The aim is to give a more complete, less biased picture of performance and, especially, to prompt self-awareness and development by revealing how different observers see the same person. Manuel London and James Smither's 1995 article gave the practice a theoretical foundation, explaining when and why multisource feedback might change self-evaluations, goals, and behavior. Richard Lepsinger and Anntoinette Lucia's 1997 practitioner book laid out how to design and implement sound 360 systems. Conway and Huffcutt's 1997 meta-analysis documented the psychometric reality that different sources agree only modestly, which is precisely what makes multiple perspectives informative. 360-degree feedback became one of the most widely adopted leadership-development tools in organizations.
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- Lepsinger, R., & Lucia, A. D. (1997). The Art and Science of 360 Degree Feedback. Pfeiffer. · ISBN 9780787909581
- London, M., & Smither, J. W. (1995). Can multi-source feedback change perceptions of goal accomplishment, self-evaluations, and performance-related outcomes? Theory-based applications and directions for research. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 803-839. · DOI 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01781.x
- Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1997). Psychometric properties of multisource performance ratings: A meta-analysis of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings. Human Performance, 10(4), 331-360. · DOI 10.1207/s15327043hup1004_2
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