Panel-based Causal-Comparative Research
Panel-based causal-comparative research is a quantitative observational design that tracks the same sample of participants or units across multiple time points and then compares pre-existing groups to identify differences in outcomes. By combining the temporal depth of a panel structure with the group-contrast logic of causal-comparative (ex post facto) methodology, it allows researchers to examine how naturally occurring conditions — such as treatment exposure, policy changes, or demographic characteristics — relate to outcomes over time, without experimental random assignment.
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- Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2019). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill. · ISBN 978-1260087840
- Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. · ISBN 978-1107038691
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